Implement input_sampling_period recursive logic on /algorithms/filter endpoint

Currently, the frontend can make a series of requests to the /algorithms/filter endpoint. If there is no valid data for a specific time period, the frontend retries the request by reducing the input_sampling_period until valid data is returned, using a recursive function. This functionality should exist in the backend to allow all API users to have the same experience.

Frontend code https://code.usgs.gov/ghsc/geomag/geomag-plots/-/blob/master/projects/geomag-lib/src/lib/services/timeseries-manager.service.ts#L135