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landingPage: {
pageTitle: "Earth is changing...",
pageSubTitle: "USGS scientists research climate change on the ground",
collaborationHeading: "The climate chart gallery project",
collaborationDescription: "The climate chart gallery is a shared initiative between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) <a href='https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources' target='_blank'>Water Resources Mission Area</a> and <a href='https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/ecosystems' target='_blank'>Ecosystems Mission Area</a> to communicate key findings of USGS climate science in innovative ways, and to encourage creativity, exploration, and community in data visualization across USGS mission areas.",
teamHeading: "The USGS Vizlab team",
teamText: "The USGS Vizlab is a data visualization team within the USGS <a href='https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources' target='_blank'>Water Resources Mission Area</a>. View the Vizlab <a href='https://labs.waterdata.usgs.gov/visualizations/' target='_blank'>portfolio</a>.",
{ name: "Hayley Corson-Dosch", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/hayley-corson-dosch", image: "https://labs.waterdata.usgs.gov/visualizations/headshots/HCorson-Dosch.png" },
{ name: "Maggie Jaenicke", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/margaret-maggie-jaenicke", image: "https://labs.waterdata.usgs.gov/visualizations/headshots/MaggieJaenicke.png" },
{ name: "Cee Nell", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/cee-nell", image: "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/staff_profile/public/media/images/cee%20nell%20resized.png?h=53fbb397&itok=I7tqKZDm" },
{ name: "Althea Archer", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/althea-archer", image: "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/staff_profile/public/media/images/aaarcher_staff_profile.jpg?h=585bdce6&itok=Z0LQ51Gs" },
{ name: "Jeffrey Kwang", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/jeffrey-kwang", image: "https://labs.waterdata.usgs.gov/visualizations/headshots/jeffrey_kwang_profile.png" }
],
projectsHeading: "USGS climate projects",
projectsLeadIn: "The USGS climate projects currently highlighted in this page are the"
// keys must match project routes (with '-' replaced with '')
findex: {
title: "Findex",
motivation: "Global freshwater biodiversity faces unprecedented loss from rapid global change. Found in less than 0.01% of available surface water, inland fishes comprise 51% of all fish species and inland fisheries provide food for billions and livelihoods for millions of people worldwide. Despite their importance, inland fishes are some of the most threatened taxa on the planet from intensifying pressures, such as hydrological alterations, riparian degradation, invasive species, and climate change. One-third of all inland fishes are threatened with extinction. However, standardized methods to monitor and assess fisheries proves elusive because inland fisheries are highly dispersed with limited market integration. Here, we present the first global metric to examine threats to inland fisheries by river basin using literature synthesis, expert elicitation, and computational modeling. The resulting standardized assessment serves as a potential risk indicator for freshwater ecosystem status and its capacity to support inland fisheries. We show that most threats to inland fisheries come from outside the fishery sector, predominately from land use change. Given that inland fisheries are severely threatened and highly important with limited resources, this index can help direct, efficiently use, and mobilize limited resources for watershed management, sustainable fisheries, and ultimately human well-being.",
{ name: "Gretchen Stokes", link: "", image: "https://labs.waterdata.usgs.gov/visualizations/headshots/GretchenStokes.png" },
{ name: "Abigail Lynch", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/abigail-lynch", image: "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/staff_profile/public/media/images/abbyprofile.png?h=a35909eb&itok=ob1vliWk" }
]
fireinice: {
title: "Fire in Ice",
motivation: "Glaciers and ice caps around the world are melting. Glaciers serve as water towers and store freshwater that is essential for drinking water and agriculture. Losing this freshwater to the ocean results in rising sea levels. This glacial retreat is due to increased temperatures, water collecting under glaciers and hastening their movement, alterations in atmospheric circulation, and the deposition of dark aerosols on ice. Dark aerosols absorb heat and can increase melt on glacier surfaces. Black carbon is produced by both industrial burning and from forest fires. Nagorski et al. (2019) determined that black carbon is increasing the radiative forcing of the Juneau Icefield and accelerating the melt. Specific sugars (levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan) are only produced by burning vegetation including smoldering grass fires which are often hard to analyze in the past. As coal contains cellulose, coal burning can also produce levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan. Here, we collected a series of ~10 m cores across the Juneau Icefield, AK, which encompass some of the most rapidly melting glaciers on the planet, as well as a major contributor to sea level rise. Our goal was to determine if and how wildfire aerosols are affecting the Juneau Icefield. All three sugars were present in quantifiable amounts, demonstrating that wildfires are unequivocally depositing aerosols onto the icefield. Ratios between the sugars can provide information on if hardwoods, softwoods or grasses burned in the fires. The presence of hardwood fires, coupled with satellite data of smoke transport, suggest that fires as far away as East Asia may affect the Juneau Icefield.",
{ name: "Natalie Kehrwald", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/natalie-m-kehrwald", image: "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/staff_profile/public/media/images/NatalieKehrwald_cropped.jpg?itok=oLP9Dl1H" },
{ name: "Jeramy R. Jasmann", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/jeramy-r-jasmann", image: "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/staff_profile/public/thumbnails/image/Jasmann_Jeramy_USGS.JPG?itok=ADC3fg6X" },
{ name: "Michelle Leung", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/michelle-leung", image: "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/staff_profile/public/media/images/MichelleLeung.JPG?h=bcaad0e8&itok=LXDUuI9W" },
{ name: "Morgan Schachterle", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/morgan-schachterle", image: "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/staff_profile/public/media/images/Morgan%20_Schachterle_profileImage.jpeg?itok=r244L8u8" }
fishasfood: {
title: "Fish as Food",
motivation: "Inland recreational fishing, defined as primarily leisure-driven fishing in freshwaters, is a popular past-time which can provide substantial contributions to human consumption which are often overlooked at global scales. Here, we established a baseline of national inland recreational consumption estimates with species specificity to identify the nutritional composition, total use value, and climate vulnerability of this recreational consumption.",
teamText: null,
teamData: [
{ name: "Holly Embke", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/holly-embke", image: "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/staff_profile/public/media/images/embke.jpg?h=f1072bca&itok=xyG6frc8" },
{ name: "Abigail Lynch", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/abigail-lynch", image: "https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/staff_profile/public/media/images/abbyprofile.png?h=a35909eb&itok=ob1vliWk" }
]
beaufortsea: {
title: "Beaufort Sea",
motivation: "The Arctic Ocean is undergoing dramatic sea ice reduction and warming conditions. These changes affect the sealife of the region, including bottom-dwelling organisms and the marine mammals, seabirds, and fish that rely on them for food. The researchers of this project use microfossils from sediment cores taken in the Beaufort Sea to rebuild the climate patterns, sea ice and circulation, and ecosystems from the past 2000 years. By studying the bottom-dwelling, microscopic arthropods (called Ostracodes) and single-celled protists (called Forams), the Beaufort Sea researchers can compare the historical conditions of the Arctic and better understand the effects of recent climate change in the region. Read more about this USGS science <a href='https://www.usgs.gov/programs/climate-research-and-development-program/science/land-sea-linkages-arctic' target='_blank'>here</a>.",
teamText: "Laura Gemery is an ecologist, and Julia Seidenstein, Jason Addison and Thomas Cronin are geologists within the Climate Research and Development program of the USGS Ecosystems Mission area. Each specialize in analyzing proxies in sediment cores.",
teamData: [
{ name: "Laura Gemery", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/laura-gemery", image: "https://labs.waterdata.usgs.gov/visualizations/headshots/l_Gemery mustang Oden.png" },
{ name: "Julia Seidenstein", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/julia-seidenstein", image: "https://labs.waterdata.usgs.gov/visualizations/headshots/Julia Seidenstein_professional pic.png" },
{ name: "Jason Addison", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/jason-addison", image: "https://labs.waterdata.usgs.gov/visualizations/headshots/Jason Addison.png" },
{ name: "Thomas Cronin", link: "https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/thomas-cronin", image: "https://labs.waterdata.usgs.gov/visualizations/headshots/T_Cronin head shot.png" }
}
},
visualizations: {
GlacierScan: {
paragraph1: "The Juneau Icefield is just north of Juneau, Alaska and extends into Canada. In 2016 and 2017, researchers collected ice cores across the icefield to determine if the ice traps records of wildfires.",
paragraph1Mobile: "The Juneau Icefield is just north of Juneau, Alaska. In 2016 and 2017, researchers collected ice cores across the icefield to determine if the ice traps records of wildfires.",
promptDesktop: "Hover over the map to explore the topography and learn about coring a glacier.",
promptMobile: "Click on the map below to explore the topography and learn about coring a glacier.",
paragraph2: "The ideal location for drilling an ice core is the highest, flattest section of a glacier, as this region minimizes any influence from the glacier flow. Snow builds up layer by layer on a glacier surface and eventually compresses into ice. High, flat drilling locations increase the possibility that ice layers remain horizontal and decreases the possibility of melt layers.",
paragraph3: "Once researchers have arrived at the drilling location, the first thing that they do is to create some sort of shelter for comfort and incase the weather becomes bad. For short (~10 m) ice cores that can be drilled in a day, this shelter is often a snow pit with a bench, as well as a tarp to block blowing wind. Once the pit is dug, scientists can start drilling. The ice core drill has bits called “core dogs” on the bottom that cut into the ice. The drill is a metal cylinder with threads on the outside that help grip the snow and ice. Researchers attach a handle to the top and turn the drill until the have collected a meter of ice. This meter of ice is then passed to the people in the snow pit who are processing the core. This processing entails documenting the ice stratigraphy, measuring the core, and determining its mass. On the Juneau Icefield, cores were not kept in a frozen state, and instead were homogenized and placed into clean labeled bottles. The drilling and processing continue simultaneously, with team members measuring one core section while the next section is being drilled. The ice core drill returns to the initial hole and retrieves the next meter of ice. As the drill goes deeper and deeper into the ice, metal rods are connected to the top of the drill to extend the drill length until eventually reaching ~10 m depth. Pulling up 10 m of metal extension rods, the drill, and the ice core section can be heavy, but allows for a continuous climate record.",
photo010: "Clear, sunny days on the Juneau Icefield are appreciated, and people spend every possible moment outside to enjoy the spectacular scenery.",
photo010Mobile: "Clear, sunny days on the Juneau Icefield are appreciated, and people spend every possible moment outside to enjoy the spectacular scenery.",
photo018: "Drilling and processing ice cores involves teamwork. While a new core section is being drilled, team members measure physical properties like ice stratigraphy and the mass of the previous core section. Processing the core in a snow pit allows shelter from the wind, and creates a stable bench for examining the cores.",
photo018Mobile: "While a new core section is being drilled, team members measure physical properties like ice stratigraphy and the mass of the previous section.",
photo051: "Drilling an ice core on the Lemon Creek glacier to help determine past melt events affecting the glacier mass balance. The ice core drill can obtain one meter of ice at a time, where poles help extend the drill as it goes deeper into the ice. Team members record the depth and stratigraphy of ice core sections.",
photo051Mobile: "The ice core drill can obtain one meter of ice at a time, where poles help extend the drill as it goes deeper into the ice.",
photo085: "Sunsets on the Juneau Icefield are spectacular, with the combination of jagged peaks and glowing snow.",
photo085Mobile: "Sunsets on the Juneau Icefield are spectacular, with the combination of jagged peaks and glowing snow.",
photo138: "Traversing between camps involves a combination of skiing across glaciers and hiking over slopes. By the time that teams are ready to traverse to a new camp, they are well-practiced in safety skills such as crevasse rescue and rope management.",
photo138Mobile: "Moving between camps involves skiing across glaciers and hiking over slopes. Teams practice safety skills like rope management and crevasse rescue.",
photo140: "Natalie Kehrwald takes a break from drilling ice cores on the Taku Glacier, one of the deepest temperate alpine glaciers in the world.",
photo140Mobile: "Natalie Kehrwald takes a break from drilling ice cores on the Taku Glacier, one of the deepest temperate alpine glaciers in the world.",
photo140Alt: "",
photo156: "After multiple days without snowfall, a ski track forms from people passing through on their way to collect scientific data and explore the landscape.",
photo156Mobile: "After multiple days without snowfall, a ski track develops from people on their way to collect scientific data and explore the landscape.",
photo156Alt: "",
photo183: "Crevasses form in a glacier where it stretches through extension or passes over obstacles. Traveling through crevasse fields requires caution. Crevasses near glacier edges are often substantially smaller, but probing ice bridges and crevasse depth is necessary. Traveling across most crevassed terrain requires rope teams.",
photo183Mobile: "Crevasses form in a glacier where it stretches through extension or passes over obstacles. Traveling through crevasse fields requires caution.",
photo203: "Glaciers scour the landscape, creating U-shaped valleys between surrounding peaks. At their terminus, glacier melt creates lakes and rivers. The relatively low elevation and coastal location of the Juneau Icefield means that glacier melt mixes with seawater to create vibrant saltwater wetlands.",
photo203Mobile: "Glaciers scour the landscape, creating U-shaped valleys between surrounding peaks. At their terminus, glacier melt creates lakes and rivers.",
photo021: "The Gilkey Trench viewed from Camp 18 shows a classic example of ogives, or alternating bands of light and dark ice that are caused by compression and glacier flow.",
photo021Mobile: "The Gilkey Trench shows ogives, or alternating bands of light and dark ice that are caused by compression and glacier flow.",
photo021Alt: ""
RegionalFires: {
paragraph1: "From analysis of <a href='/visualizations/climate-charts/#/fire-in-ice/glacier-scan' target='_blank'>glacial ice cores</a>, we know that <a href='/visualizations/climate-charts/#/fire-in-ice/wildfire-aerosols' target='_blank'>wildfires burning softwoods have deposited aerosols</a> on the Juneau Ice Field. We also know that Alaska has many softwood forests, and that some have burned. But how can we tell which regional fires deposited aerosols on the glacier?",
paragraph2: "Researchers use an <a href='https://www.ready.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php' target='_blank'>atmospheric model</a> to trace the potential path of smoke particles generated by known wildfires, identifying 'candidate' fires that could be the source for aerosols deposited on the ice field during the sampled period."
heading1: "Why collect ocean sediment cores?",
intro1: "Ocean sediments are one of the best archives of past ocean conditions and changes to the climate throughout Earth's history.",
intro2: "USGS scientists collect sediment cores from the ocean floor to reconstruct past environmental conditions. This knowledge helps us to understand processes that influence natural climate.",
heading2: "How do USGS scientists collect ocean sediment core records?",
paragraph1: "Collecting sediment core records from the ocean floor begins with USGS scientists traveling to their study site in Utqiagvik, Alaska. At this site, scientists used recent climatological measurements and several types of climate ‘proxies’ to reconstruct the climate history of the Beaufort Sea and to better understand recent climate change in the Arctic Ocean. Climate proxies in ocean sediment cores can include preserved physical or chemical properties or biological organisms, like algae or microorganisms with shells. These proxies serve as indicators of ocean- and climate-related conditions at the time the sediment was deposited.",
paragraph2: "Once they arrived in Alaska, the researchers boarded the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker <i>Healy</i> and traveled to sampling locations along the continental shelf, where the Mackenzie River flows into the Beaufort Sea.",
paragraph3: "Ocean sediments are one of the best archives of past ocean and climate change throughout Earth's history. Sediment accumulates on the seafloor over time: the sediment at the top of the core is newer than sediment at the bottom.",
paragraph4: "Researchers can use the sediment core records to build a timeline of climate conditions through the past. The timeline is verified by measuring the Cesium and Lead radioisotopes and using radiocarbon dating.",
paragraph5: "Sediment cores were collected by a weighted piston-driven coring device from a platform on the stern of the ship that retrieves the soft sediments from the bottom of the ocean.",
paragraph6: "Back in the laboratory, researchers section the sediment core into one-centimeter-thick slices for analysis. The total time span that this sediment core represents is about 2000 years, in 5-year increments.",
paragraph7: "The microfossils found in these sediment cores range in size from 0.5 to 2 mm. Most of them are a little larger than the period at the end of this sentence. Learn more about the focal species on the <a href='/visualizations/climate-charts/#/beaufort-sea/beaufort-sea-species' target='_blank'>Beaufort Sea species</a> page.",
paragraph8: "Identifying the species requires a microscope and a damp brush to pick the shell from the sediment to a slide for identification. The microfossils examined in this study include Foraminifera and Ostracode microfossils, which are excellent proxy indicators for past environments because their presence and growth are influenced by specific climate and ocean conditions when they were alive.",
alt1: "alt text 1",
alt2: "alt text 2",
alt3: "alt text 3",
alt4: "alt text 4",
alt5: "alt text 5",
alt6: "alt text 6",
alt7: "alt text 7",
alt8: "alt text 8"
heading1: "Arctic water chemistry is changing",
paragraph1: "In the last 25 to 50 years, there have been major shifts in the relative abundance of different microfossils within seafloor sediments of the Beaufort Sea. Here, we see the relative decline of <span class='scientificName'>Cassidulina reniforme</span>, <span class='scientificName'>Elphidium excavatum</span>, and <span class='scientificName'>Paracyprideis pseudopunctillata</span> combined with relative increases in agglutinated <span class='scientificName'>Spiroplectammina biformis</span> and <span class='scientificName'>Kotoracythere arctoborealis</span>. These shifts indicate that within the last 50 years climate change has altered water chemistry in this region of the Beaufort Sea.",
tabTitle: "Cassidulina reniforme",
tabContentTitle: "Cassidulina reniforme",
tabContentTitleID: "cassidulina",
tabText: "The relative abundance of calcium carbonate forams, like <span class='scientificName'>Cassidulina reniforme</span>, have declined very recently. Calcium carbonate is highly sensitive to changes in ocean pH, making this species vulnerable to ocean acidification.",
tabContentImageSuffix: "2a",
tabPrefixImageName: "F_Cassidulina"
},
{
tabTitle: "Elphidium excavatum",
tabContentTitle: "Elphidium excavatum",
tabContentTitleID: "elphidium",
tabText: "Changes in local water chemistry driven by climate make the environment less favorable to calcium carbonate tests and organisms that build them for survival. Like <span class='scientificName'>Cassidulina reniforme</span>, <span class='scientificName'>Elphidium excavatum</span> has declined in relative abundance in this Beaufort Sea microfossil record in recent years.",
tabContentImageSuffix: "2b",
tabPrefixImageName: "F_Elphidium"
},
{
tabTitle: "Spiroplectammina biformis",
tabContentTitle: "Spiroplectammina biformis",
tabContentTitleID: "spiroplectimmina",
tabText: "The relative abundance of <span class='scientificName'>Spiroplectammina</span> is higher in the past few decades than it has ever been previously recorded. Species within this genus are 'agglutinated,' meaning they cement together particles from their environment like sand and sediment to create a shell. Agglutinated species are able to withstand harsh, corrosive and turbid (cloudy) conditions. Researchers think this has allowed them to thrive in bottom ocean waters affected by melting permafrost.",
tabContentImageSuffix: "2c",
tabPrefixImageName: "F_Spiroplectammina"
},
{
tabTitle: "Kotorachythere arctoborealis",
tabContentTitle: "Kotorachythere arctoborealis",
tabContentTitleID: "kotorachythere",
tabText: "<span class='scientificName'>Kotorachythere arctoborealis</span> is a species of ostracode that showed relatively low, but steady, abundance in the Beaufort Sea microfossil record until recently, when it has increased in relative abundance.",
tabContentImageSuffix: "3a",
tabPrefixImageName: "O_Kotoracythere"
},
{
tabTitle: "Paracyprideis pseudopuntillata",
tabContentTitle: "Paracyprideis pseudopuntillata",
tabContentTitleID: "paracyprideis",
tabText: "<span class='scientificName'>Paracyprideis pseudopunctillata</span>, historically one of the most dominant species in this Arctic fossil record, is becoming less dominant. Simultaneously, other Ostracodes like <span class='scientificName'>Kotochythere arctoborealis</span> are becoming more dominant, as are agglutinated forams like <span class='scientificName'>Spiroplectammina biformis</span>.",
tabContentImageSuffix: "3b",
tabPrefixImageName: "O_Paracyprideis"
}
],
heading2: "What are these microfossils?",
paragraph2: "The species highlighted above belong to two classes of microfossils: foraminifera and ostrocodes. They are identified in sediment samples by their external shells, which can take many different forms and be composed of a variety of materials. Under the right conditions, these shells can become fossilized in sediments, creating microfossils. The presence and growth of individual species is closely tied to environmental conditions like the pH, salinity, turbidity, and temperature of ocean water, which can affect the solubility of external shells and the availability of different food sources. By considering the known ecological preferences of observed species, researchers can use microfossils as proxies of past climates and as indicators of environmental change.",
subheading1: "Foraminifera",
subheading2: "Ostracodes",
paragraph3: "Foraminifera, or 'forams', are a class of single-celled protists. Forams secrete an external shell called a 'test'. Each species create tests with distinct structures and shapes, which allows researchers to identify different species in the sedimentary fossil record. The tests are commonly composed of calcium carbonate or are 'agglutinated', meaning they are constructed from particles in the sediment.",
paragraph4: "Ostracodes are a class of microscopic arthropods, most closely related to crustaceans and insects. Ostracodes have a clam-like shell that is made of chitin and calcium carbonate. ",
heading3: "How are these data collected?",
paragraph5: "These data are from the mouth of the Mackenzie River where it spills into the Beaufort Sea north of Yukon, Canada. In this dynamic Arctic environment, the sea ice, temperature, salinity, and food availability conditions are continuously changing. The species that live there shift in response and these changes are recorded in the sediment layers. ",
paragraph6: "<a href='/visualizations/climate-charts/#/beaufort-sea/beaufort-sea-sediment-coring' target='_blank'>USGS researchers collect sediment cores</a> and analyze the relative abundance of species within each layer. See the full 2000-year timeline of microfossil composition on the <a href='/visualizations/climate-charts/#/beaufort-sea/beaufort-sea-timeline' target='_blank'>Beaufort Sea timeline</a> page.",
heading1: "Microfossils help reconstruct climate records",
paragraph1: "Although climate change is a global phenomenon, it has uneven local consequences. Paleoclimate research provides a deeper understanding of processes influencing natural climate variability, which enables more reliable predictions for future climate scenarios. Proxy records, like those constructed from sediment cores, can extend modern time series, providing baselines for pre-anthropogenic conditions. In the Arctic, we need paleoenvironmental records to place current anthropogenic climate warming and loss of sea-ice in a long-term context.",
paragraph2: "Here, we can see the full record of microfossil species assemblages in the Beaufort Sea over the past 2000 years, as captured in the sediment record. The abundance of key indicator species has shifted over time, with recent increases in the relative abundance of <span class='highlight central scientificName' id='kotorachythere'> Kotorachythere </span> and <span class='highlight central scientificName' id='spiroplectimmina'> Spiroplectimmina </span> and decreases in the relative abundance of <span class='highlight scientificName' id='elphidium'> Elphidium </span>, <span class='highlight scientificName' id='cassidulina'> Cassidulina </span>, and <span class='highlight scientificName' id='paracyprideis'> Paracyprideis </span>.",
paragraph3: "Each bubble in the chart above is scaled to represent the relative abundance of an individual species of microfossil, including the indicator species in the genera <span class='highlight scientificName' id='elphidium'> Elphidium </span>, <span class='highlight scientificName' id='cassidulina'> Cassidulina </span>, <span class='highlight scientificName' id='paracyprideis'> Paracyprideis </span>, <span class='highlight central scientificName' id='kotorachythere'> Kotorachythere </span> and <span class='highlight scientificName' id='spiroplectimmina'> Spiroplectimmina </span>, alongside <span class='highlight central scientificName' id='other-species'> other species </span> of ostracodes and forams. Paired with the bubble chart is a timeline and bar chart displaying the assemblage of species for every 100 years from 0 A.D. to 2000 A.D. Hover over the bar chart to see the relative abundance of the different species within each 100-year window.",
heading2: "How was this record reconstructed?",
paragraph4: "USGS scientists <a href='/visualizations/climate-charts/#/beaufort-sea/beaufort-sea-sediment-coring' target='_blank'>collected sediment cores</a> from the ocean floor at the Beaufort Sea continental shelf north of Yukon, Canada. From the sediment cores, they took 1-cm slices that each represent ~5 years of time to build a 2000-year history. The species of microfossils in each core sample, including <a href='/visualizations/climate-charts/#/beaufort-sea/beaufort-sea-species' target='_blank'>forams and ostracodes</a>, along with other biochemical signatures, help the researchers understand past and present climate conditions.",
},
FishAsFoodCirclePacking: {
paragraph1: "Explore the global economic value of recreationally-fished inland fish species, in U.S. dollars. Click on the circles in the diagram to see the economic value of species within each fish family, and click on the nested circles to see the economic value of each species in the various countries where it is recreationally fished.",
paragraph2: "The total economic value for each species in each country is calculated by multiplying the total kilograms of bimoass harvested for each species by the price per kilogram, in U.S. dollars. Species- and country-specific price data were collected from November 2021 to February 2022."
},
FishAsFoodLinkChart: {
paragraph1: 'Climate vulnerability index. Climate vulnerability varies by family and species. <span class="warm-text"><b>warm</b></span>, <span class="cool-text"><b>cool</b></span>, or <span class="cold-text"><b>cold</b></span> thermal guilds.',
explainerPart1: 'Showing the ',
explainerPart2: 'from 2030 to 2075 in harvest-weighted climate vulnerability under representative concentration pathway 4.5.',
prompt1: 'Click on the chart to show or hide data for <i>species</i> within each <b>family</b>'
paragraph1: 'Explore total recreational harvest for the five families of inland fish with the largest recreational harvests: <span class="scientificName">Cyprinidae</span> (minnows and carps), <span class="scientificName">Percidae</span> (perch), <span class="scientificName">Salmonidae</span> (salmon, trout, grayling, and whitefish), <span class="scientificName">Bagridae</span> (bagrid catfish), and <span class="scientificName">Centrarchidae</span> (sunfishes). Total recreational harvest is broken out by family, by species, and by country. Hover over the chart to see the harvest totals, in kilograms'
paragraph1: "Each layer of the <a href='/visualizations/climate-charts/#/fire-in-ice/glacier-scan' target='_blank'>collected ice core</a> contains more than just ice. Particles from the air, called aerosols, deposit on the surface of the glacier. These aerosols can come from dust, fossil fuel combustion, or wildfires. When snow buries the deposited particles, they are preserved in the ice.",
paragraph2: "Can we tell if any of these particles came from wildfires? Three sugars — mannosan, galactosan, and levoglucosan — are only produced when vegetation burns. These sugars are present throughout the core, which tells us that some of the deposited particles in the ice were sourced from wildfires.",
paragraph3: "Scientists use the ratio of levoglucosan to the sum of mannosan and galactosan to distinguish between types of vegetation that burned. Alaska's forests are dominated by softwoods, and <a href='/visualizations/climate-charts/#/fire-in-ice/regional-fires' target='_blank'>regional fires</a> likely deposit aerosols on the Juneau Ice Field that are captured in the core. However, there are also markers of hardwood combustion, which suggests that aerosols are transported to the ice field from much farther afield. One possible source is wildfires in hardwood forests in East Asia."
paragraph1: 'Land use change is the biggest threat to inland fisheries.'