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pageTitle: "Desigualdad de acceso al agua",
pageSubtitle: "Por qué los factores sociales determinan el nivel de riesgo de la falta de agua potable",
paragraph1: `Imagine, por ejemplo, que vive en una casa grande de una zona residencial donde el agua potable fluye de cada grifo. Hay suficiente agua para que disfrute con su familia de un bonito jardín cada año. La compañía de agua se ocupa de tratarla y mantener los sistemas de tuberías con regularidad, para asegurarse de que el agua continúe siendo apta para el consumo humano.`,
paragraph2: `Ahora imagine que vive en una pequeña comunidad rural a las afueras de la ciudad. Tiene su propio pozo, pero, desde hace unos años, usted y sus vecinos han tenido que cavar cada vez más profundo para llegar al nivel del agua. A estas aguas subterráneas se les han ido filtrando metales pesados, producto de aguas residuales industriales y la corrosión de tuberías de cobre soldadas con plomo. Sin embargo, no tiene forma de tratar el agua antes de que su familia la beba. Hay un estanque cercano que cada verano por la falta de agua adquiere un tono verde horrendo a medida que proliferan las algas tóxicas.`,
paragraph3: `Una escena así es difícil de imaginar, pero se trata desafortunadamente de situaciones de la vida real de muchos estadounidenses. Más de 2,2 millones de estadounidenses carecen de agua corriente y plomería básica en su hogar <a href='https://www.digdeep.org/draining' target='_blank'>(DigDeep, 2022)</a>, y aproximadamente el 3% de los sistemas de agua comunitarios tienen problemas graves de calidad del agua <a href='https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23898-z' target='_blank'>(Mueller and Gasteyer, 2021)</a>. El acceso limitado al agua potable puede ser el resultado de un solo acontecimiento, como el <a href='https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/7f105650f97e4b20839edb65de3b12ce' target='_blank'>descarrilamiento del tren que transportaba sustancias químicas peligrosas en East Palestine, Ohio,</a> o puede resultar a largo plazo a causa de una infraestructura que se haya ido desgastando, como fue el caso de los <a href='https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/20/465545378/lead-laced-water-in-flint-a-step-by-step-look-at-the-makings-of-a-crisis' target='_blank'>niveles extremadamente peligrosos de plomo en el agua para consumo humano de Flint, Michigan.</a>`,
paragraph4: `Las poblaciones marginadas a menudo se ven afectadas de manera desproporcionada por la carencia de agua. Las comunidades de color y las personas que viven por debajo del umbral de pobreza suelen ser las más afectadas por <span class="tooltip-group"><span class="tooltip-span">los riesgos relacionados con el agua,</span><span id='water-hazards-tooltip' class="tooltiptext"> un fenómeno natural y una situación en la que existe un peligro para la vida, la salud, el medio ambiente, la propiedad y la sociedad. Algunos ejemplos de riesgos relacionados con el agua son las inundaciones, las sequías y las marejadas ciclónicas.</span></span> ya que carecen de los medios para protegerse adecuadamente. Pueden encontrar trabas para la reubicación o dificultades para ausentarse del trabajo, la falta de sueldo o pagar gastos médicos. En el caso de la crisis de agua en Flint, Michigan, las comunidades de negros y de bajos ingresos, que en ese momento representaban el <a href='https://apnews.com/general-news-7b2bcfdcc8d74ece9e0cb167a2239745' target='_blank'>57% y el 42%</a> de la población de Flint, respectivamente, fueron algunas de las comunidades socioeconómicamente desfavorecidas más afectadas por la exposición al plomo. Independientemente de la causa, el riesgo de experimentar una carencia de agua potable está estrechamente relacionado con el nivel de <span class="tooltip-group"><span class="tooltip-span">riesgo social</span><span id='social-vulnerability-tooltip' class="tooltiptext">Condiciones en las que los factores sociales determinan la exposición a los riegos, la susceptibilidad a sufrir daños y la capacidad para hacer frente a las pérdidas y recuperarse de ellas.</span></span>.`,
title: "spanish text",
paragraph1: "spanish text determinants.spanish textter insecspanish textocioeconomic status. Many studies of the municipal sector have emphasized exposure, as well. Because of the different focuses of these studies, we understand the influence of determinants like demographics and socioeconomics better in the municipal sector than we do in the agricultural sector. Which brings us to an important point…"
paragraph1: "Color = dimension of social vulnerability to water insecurity<br>Bubble = determinant (nested within dimension)<br>Details = indicator (nested within determinant)<br>Size = how much evidence do we have that the determinant contributes to water insecurity<br>Evidence = how much research has been done to assess the effect of the determinant on water insecurity<br>Agreement = how many studies agreed that the determinant increased water insecurity<br><br>Hover on a bubble to learn more",
paragraph2: "Who we are and where we live affect our access to clean, plentiful water. Certain categories of social factors (called “dimensions”) make us more vulnerable to water insecurity. These dimensions—demographic characteristics, living conditions, socioeconomic status, and exposure to external stressors like drought or pollution—have been studied by many researchers, most of whom agree the dimensions affect water insecurity. But certain aspects of those dimensions of social vulnerability (called “determinants”) are better studied than others. How much do we know about the effects of these determinants on water insecurity? Which determinants are we confident about, and which do we need to understand better? The Socioeconomic Drivers Program of the USGS Water Resources Mission Area is working to find out. "
},
mapText: {
title: "spanish text",
paragraph1: "Infrastructurspanish texts <a href='https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR036284' target='_blank'>(Drakes and others, 2024)</a>. <a href='https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wat2.1486' target='_blank'>Meehan and others (2020)</a> found 471,000 households or 1.1 million people lacked piped water access between 2013 and 2017, with the majority (73%) of these households located in metropolitan areas, and nearly half (47%) in the 50 largest urban areas. The reviewed literature showed indicators of household size, female-headed households, female population, and percentage of females in the labor force were all predominantly positively related and influential to water insecurity conditions. Displayed below is a county-level map of the average household size of occupied housing units. Counties with the greatest average household size, shown in dark blue, include Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota; Madison County, Idaho; and Todd County, South Dakota.",
paragraph2: "spanish textinequality is a highly significant predictor of 'plumbing poverty,' meaning homes that lack complete indoor plumbing <a href='https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2007361117' target='_blank'>(Meehan and others, 2020)</a>. The county-level map below displays median household income in the past 12 months (in 2022 inflation-adjusted dollars). Counties with the greatest median household income are shown in dark blue and include Santa Clara County, California; San Mateo County, California; and Marin County, California.",
paragraph3: "spanish texts <a href='https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63f79d49d34e4f7eda456572' target='_blank'>(Hines and others, 2023)</a>. spanish textkely to relocate and less likely to apply for and receive assistance. Renters also often lack the authority and means to enact structural changes to their homes for hazard mitigation, response, or recovery, which raises the hazard exposure and susceptibility of renters while lowering their capacity to cope <a href='https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.102010' target='_blank'>(Drakes and others, 2021) </a>. The county-level map below displays median gross rent. Counties with the greatest median gross rent, shown in dark green, include San Mateo County, California; Santa Clara County, California; and Marin County, California.",
paragraph4: "Hispanic populations are at an increased risk of water insecurity <a href='https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63f79d49d34e4f7eda456572' target='_blank'>(Hines and others, 2023)</a>. In some areas of the country, Hispanic households are more likely to experience 'plumbing poverty'—meaning homes that lack complete indoor plumbing <a href='https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2007361117' target='_blank'>(Meehan and others, 2020)</a>—particularly in the Western United States. In fact, research shows that although Hispanic-headed households make up less than 13% of all U.S. households, they account for nearly 17% of households with incomplete plumbing <a href='https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2018.1530587' target='_blank'>(Deitz & Meehan, 2019)</a>. The county map below shows the percent of Hispanic populations. Counties with the greatest percent of Hispanic residents, shown in dark blue, include Kenedy County, Texas; Starr County, Texas; and Webb County, Texas. These areas are particularly affected by the combined challenges of water insecurity and plumbing poverty.",
paragraph5: "Special needs and disabled populations may live in places more exposed to water-related hazards <a href='https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953619301121' target='_blank'>(Chakraborty and others, 2019)</a> or experiencing unreliable or intermittent potable water supplies <a href='https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155043' target='_blank'>(White and others, 2016)</a>. For example, <a href='https://doi.org/10.1029/2023WR036284' target='_blank'>Drakes and others (2024)</a> found special needs and disabled populations were associated with a higher likelihood of water insecure conditions in the Western United States. However, only two studies have measured the relationship between disability and water insecurity, and the limited research on the topic was conducted only in the municipal water-use sector. The map below shows the percent of disabled persons in each county. Counties with the greatest percent of disabled individuals, shown in dark blue, include Catron County, New Mexico; Mora County, New Mexico; and Kinney County, Texas.",
Carr, Amanda Nicole
committed
paragraph6: "Placeholder text for now."
title: "Metaanálisis del riesgo de la falta de agua potable",
paragraph1: `Researchers in the USGS Social and Economic Drivers program <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/data/literature-summary-indicators-water-vulnerability-western-us-2000-2022" target="blank">identified factors of social vulnerability associated with conditions of water insecurity</a>. The team focused their analysis on studies between 2000 and 2022 that took place in the conterminous United States (lower 48 states) west of the Mississippi River. The Western states face a slew of water availability challenges, including increasing population growth, dependence on groundwater, and generally low precipitation (see <a href='https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/circ1261/pdf/C1261.pdf' target="blank">Anderson and Woosley 2005 </a> for a discussion of water availability in the Western United States).`,
paragraph2: `spanish text spanish text`,
paragraph3: `spanish text`
title: "spanish text",
paragraph1: "spanish text <span class='tooltip-group'><span class='tooltip-span'>intersectionality</span><span id='intersectionality-tooltip' class='tooltiptext'>The complex, cumulative way in which the effects of multiple forms of discrimination combine, overlap, or intersect especially in the experiences of marginalized individuals or groups.</span></span> of social vulnerability factors. The factors evaluated by the researchers at USGS represent individual drivers of water insecurity, like household size or ethnicity. What about the people who experience multiple risk factors at the same time?",
paragraph2: `spanish textnd lead author of the <span class="tooltip-group"><span class="tooltip-span">meta-analysis</span><span id="meta-analysis-tooltip" class="tooltiptext">Type of review study where researchers combine data from many different studies to try to identify bigger patterns across all the results.</span></span>. “The interaction of those social characteristics may well have different and significant impacts on water security than would be found exploring those social factors on their own.”`,
paragraph3: "spanish textimprove the ability to address <span class='tooltip-group'><span class='tooltip-span'>environmental justice</span><span id='environmental-justice-tooltip' class='tooltiptext'>Scientific planning, activities, and information intended to support equitable access and use by all people who may be affected.</span></span> and equity issues in water resources."
paragraph1: "The USGS Social and Economic Drivers team consists of social scientists, geographers, and hydrologists who conduct interdisciplinary studies to understand the interactions and interdependencies of human and natural systems with respect to water use sectors. The purpose of this project is to predict and measure social vulnerabilities to water security to better assess and manage risks for adaptive water management."